HPT MAGAZINE - A Heat Pump Centre Product Web version
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Refrigerants


Read the HPT Magazine no1 2022 here >

In this issue, you can read a summary of the European Commission's (EC) newly revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) proposal, an excerpt from the IEA's Renewable 2021 and Energy Efficiency 2021 reports, and a summary of the IEA's 10-Point Plan to Reduce the European Union's Reliance on Russian Natural Gas in the HPT news in focus section.

Under the theme of “Refrigerants”, the topical articles of this issue are all addressing (i) the criteria for the selection of working fluids for vapour compression refrigeration and heat pump systems, and (ii) the role of refrigerants in determining whether systems are efficient, safe, environmentally friendly, economical, and effective in mitigating the Global Warming Impact.
  • Foreword: Low GWP Refrigerants – System Solutions and Components, by Yunho Hwang
  • Column: We Stand Again at a Historic Crossroads, by Viktor Ölén
  • HPT News
  • Ongoing Annexes in HPT TCP
  • Topical Articles
    • Project to Develop Next-Generation Refrigerants and Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technology to achieve Energy Conservation and Mitigate Global Warming, by Eiji Hihara and Toru Sano
    • The Future of Refrigerants for Heat Pump Applications, by B.E. Badran, M. Ghanbarpourgeravi and R. Khodabandeh
    • Who Wants to Be a Millionfold Deployed Refrigerant?, by Christian Vering, Christoph Höges and Dirk Müller
    • Optimization of Residential Air Source Heat Pump using Low–Global Warming Potential Refrigerants, by Samuel Yana Motta
  • Non-Topical Articles
    • Reversible CO2 Heat Pump with Ejectors for Efficient Heating and Air-Conditioning, by Jonas Schönenberger
  • Market Report
    • United Kingdom: Strategic Market Outlook, by Dr Matthew Aylott
  • Events
  • National Team Contacts

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Read HPT Magazine no1, 2022 >

Topical Article: Project to develop Next-Generation Refrigerants and Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technology to achieve Energy Conservation and Mitigate Global Warming
The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) in Japan conducts research and development to establish safety and risk assessment methods for next-generation refrigerants used in commercial refrigeration and freezing equipment as well as residential air-conditioners. Support is provided for product development and the development of ultra-low GWP refrigerants to solve technical issues that hinder the practical application and dissemination of next-generation refrigerants.
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Topical Article: The Future of Refrigerants for Heat Pump Applications
Industry and other sectors are currently looking for solutions to decarbonize their processes, including heating, which is mainly based on fossil fuel boilers. Moving to the electrification of heat by implementing heat pump technologies to provide the demanded load can be complex. Choosing the right working fluid, synthetic or natural refrigerant, with less environmental harm (low GWP) and human (safety issues) is under debate globally and is urgently needed before 2030. Some measures have been taken to solve this problem by introducing short-term synthetic refrigerants such as R32 in Europe and R454B in the US with low GWP values. This article summarizes the debate of which refrigerants are suitable for usage in heating and cooling systems and their effects on the surroundings.
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Topical Article: Who Wants to Be a Millionfold Deployed Refrigerant?
Heat pumps are a key technology to accelerate the defossilization of all sectors. Especially in residential applications, heat pumps serve as exchange technology for conventional heating technologies. The operation of heat pumps requires a refrigerant that significantly determines the system’s efficiency. However, the refrigerant choice is complex due to interactions with all components and nonlinear thermodynamic behavior. Therefore, refrigerant selection is widely discussed in the literature. This work introduces the refrigerant selection problem and applies a simple screening method to identify proper refrigerants in residential heat pumps. The application reveals future work to improve the refrigerant selection aiming for the optimal refrigerant in heat pumps concerning their application.
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Topical Article: Optimization of Residential Air Source Heat Pump using Low–Global Warming Potential Refrigerants
Low–global warming potential refrigerants can significantly reduce the direct emissions of CO2 originating from HVAC systems. However, high-efficiency systems are needed to reduce indirect CO2 emissions. In this study, an R410A residential 5-Ton heat pump was optimized using R32, R454A, R454B, R454C, and R455A. Among these options, R455A and R454C have the lowest global warming potential but have lower volumetric capacity and high glide. Optimization results using 5 mm tube heat exchangers showed 12.4% to 19.1% efficiency improvements and 13% to 33% reduction in CO2 emissions.
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Non-Topical Article: Reversible CO2 Heat Pump with Ejectors for Efficient Heating and Air-Conditioning
A renowned shopping centre in the area of Lucerne, Switzerland, was modernised in 2019/2020. In this context, the existing fossil heating and air conditioning system was replaced by two reversible air-to-water CO2 heat pumps with ejectors. The two heat pumps cover a heating capacity of 1.1 MW and an air conditioning capacity of 1.3 MW. Higher investment and life cycle costs were accepted in order to develop sustainable and forward-looking technologies with natural refrigerants. The project was supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy. Since the commissioning of the heat pumps, their operation has been investigated, and valuable experience has been gained.
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